2016年6月24日

バイオエンジニアリング部門
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　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　日本機械学会 A-TS 02-09
　　　　　　　　　　　　　研究会主査　和田　成生（大阪大学）

バイオエンジニアリング部門研究会「生物機械システム研究会」
第４５回研究会を下記の要領にて開催致します．御多用とは存じ
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　　　　　　　　　　　記

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　　　　第４５回生物機械システム研究会
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【日時】2016年7月12日（火）15:00〜17:00
【場所】大阪大学基礎工学部　B202講義室
　　　　（大阪府豊中市待兼山町 1-3）
　　　　　http://www.esnew.sakura.ne.jp/ja/access.html


【プログラム】
演題1：15:00-16:00
Biotransport for Understanding Neurovascular Coupling in the Brain

講演者：
Kazuto Masamoto, PhD.
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering and
Intelligent Systems, Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research
Center, University of Electro-Communications

概要：
Brain is an organ that consumes massive energy, which accounts for
20% of those produced in the body, though it represents only 2% of
the body weight. Importantly, energy use varies across regions
because of localization of function in the brain. The vascular
system that regulates blood supply to meet regional demand knows
where it is needed. Vascular density varies across regions, and
vessel dynamically dilates and constricts in an activity-dependent
manner. This close functional association between brain activity
and vascular response is called ‘neurovascular coupling’.
Neurovascular coupling has received much attention, because i) it
forms the basis of functional neuroimaging techniques, such as PET,
fMRI, and fNIRS, and ii) its breakdown leads to the development of
neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s diseases. However,
signaling mechanism involved in neurovascular coupling is not fully
understood. In this seminar, to better understand the biotransport
mechanism of neurovascular communication, I will focus on three topics;
i) structural basis of brain cell spacing (i.e., 3D microvascular
networks and cellular composition), ii) structural and functional
adaptation to oxygen availability, and iii) visualization and
quantification of blood-brain transport with fluorescently labeled
substrates, based on experimental results obtained with intravital
two-photon microscopy in the rodent brains.


演題2：16:00-17:00
Multiple scale organization of brain networks

講演者：
Masanori Shimono Ph.D.
Assistant Professor, Bio-Dynamics Group,Department of Mechanical
Science and Bioengineering,Graduate School of Engineering Science,
Osaka University

概要：
Brain is certainly one of the most complex, well-organized, systems.
Recently, scientists are acquiring newly found abilities to observe
widely at various scale organizations of the brain from ten centimeter
scale to micrometer scale as same as other organisms. The main theme
of this presentation is multiple scale organizations of networks in
the brain, and this presentation includes two parts: In the first
study, global brain networks were defined as fiber pathways connecting
brain regions. Briefly speaking, one new trend was found: Neuron
density is sparser at associate regions, where are regions connected
with many different network modules (such as visual, auditory, motor
modules) widely (Shimono, 2013). This trend indicated that a small
number of neurons are enrolled for integration or for distributing
information of different modules. In the second study, we recorded
from ~600 neurons using a Multi-Electrode Array system. Surprisingly,
the reconstructed effective connectivity between neurons showed
similar topological properties with previous patch clamp experiments
 (Perins et al., 2011). This result indicated that the effective
connectivity reflects underlying synaptic (structural) connectivity.
Furthermore, we could quantify and visualize multiple scale non-uniform
organizations, as shown as hubs, clusters, and modules (communities) of
neuronal networks (Shimono, Beggs, 2014). In summary, the brain network
demonstrated unique non-uniform and multiple scale organizations. Based
on idea of multiple scale organizations, we will be able to reach the
deeper understanding of how biological systems are designed for
satisfying functional demands than current understandings provided
merely from one spato-temporal scale or from a single recording method.

（両講演とも、日本語です。）

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【問合先】
研究会幹事：田原大輔　datawara@rins.ryukoku.ac.jp
　　　　　　龍谷大学理工学部機械システム工学科