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機械工学年鑑2025

16.加工学・加工機器

16.1 概論

2024年の日本の工作機械業界の受注額は,前年比0.1%減の1兆4851億円であった.これは過去8番目に高い水準であり,外需が好調だった一方で,国内では半導体関連,自動車関連の回復が期待されたが調整局面が続く形となり内需は伸び悩んだ.外需の受注額は前年比3.4%増の1兆435億円で,4年連続で1兆円を超える結果となった.他方,内需は前年比7.4%減の4415億円となり,2年連続で減少した.地域別では,アジアが前年比21.0%増の5172億円と好調で,中国やインドがEVやIT関連向けを中心に特に大きな伸びを示した.一方,欧州は前年比19.1%減の1888億円と低迷した.2025年の日本の工作機械業界は回復基調が期待されているが,2025年4月にトランプ政権が示した24%の相互関税の影響が懸念される.

JIMTOF 2024(第32回日本国際工作機械見本市)が「技術のタスキで未来へつなぐ」のテーマの下で開催された.来場者数は129,018人(内,海外来場者数は10,423人)であった.「アカデミックエリア」が南4ホールに新設され,学生が出展企業の担当者と直接交流のできる「キャリアマッチングスクエア」などの新規企画も実施された.人材育成と人材の確保は関連業界においても喫緊の課題となっている.

展示においては,工作機械業界がデジタル技術や環境対応を含む革新を追求し,持続可能で効率的なものづくりの実現を目指す姿勢が色濃く表れたものが多く見られた.EVを中心にギガキャストが注目されており,ギガキャスト部材の後加工向けの大型機械の展示があった.また,モータやバッテリなどの生産に関連してFSW(摩擦攪拌接合)を可能とするマシニングセンタなどの展示も目立った.ロボットを用いた切削やFSWにおいては,剛性向上や外力による軌跡のずれを補正するなどの制御により,従来より精度の高い切削やFSWを可能としている.

また,人手不足に対応するため,工作機械にロボット,搬送装置,検査機器などを組み合わせた自動化システムが多数展示された.AGVや自律移動ロボットを活用した工程間搬送の自動化,協働ロボットと検査機器の統合,AIとIoTを組み合わせたスマートファクトリー向け自動化などが注目された.

Additive Manufacturing(AM)においては,Powder Bed Fusion(PBF), Directed Energy Deposition(DED)など主要な金属AMそれぞれの特徴に合わせて,実用化にアプローチする提案が多く見られた.特に,DED方式ではメッキなどの従来工法の代替として表面機能の付与に活路を見出す提案が多く見られた.製造スピードが高くリードタイムを削減すると同時に,CO2削減に寄与し,さらにコストも低減することが示され,普及に弾みがつくことを期待したい.材料や後工程,造形モニタリング,AM向けのCAMシステムなど周辺技術も重要であり,新しい取り組みが見られた.

加工学・加工機器の分野は,以上のような世界のものづくりを根本で支えている技術であり,デジタル技術や環境対応を含む革新を追求し,持続可能で効率的なものづくりを実現することが求められている.日本が強みとしてきた高度な要素技術をIoTやAIを駆使して最大限に引き出すことが必要である.要素技術の普遍的な基礎研究と,DX(Digital Transformation)を有効に利用して実用化へと繋げる開発研究を産官学の連携で推進していかなければならない.

〔笹原 弘之 東京農工大学〕

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16.2 切削加工

本節では2024年に国内外の主要学術誌に掲載された切削加工に関する論文について述べる.調査対象とした学術誌10誌に掲載された切削加工に関する論文は142編で,内訳は日本機械学会論文集に4編,英文誌のJournal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems and Manufacturing に16編,精密工学会誌に2編,砥粒加工学会誌に3編,Precision Engineeringに33編,International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufactureに11編,Wearに18編,Journal of Materials Processing Technologyに28編,Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineeringに14編,CIRP Annalsに13編であった.またこれらの論文のうち英語で執筆された133編の論文を筆頭著者の所属機関を国別にまとめると,全15ヵ国で最も多いのは中国で70編と全論文数の約半数を占め,次いで日本(19編),以下アメリカ(7編),ドイツ(6編),イギリス(6編)であった.

取り扱われていた加工法の割合はフライス加工が約3割,旋盤加工が1割で,その他にドリル穴あけ,歯切り,ねじ切り,超精密切削加工などの他,切削における切りくず生成メカニズムを2次元切削実験により検討を行った論文があった(42)(45)(120)(122)(124)(134)

題目に「vibration」が含まれる論文は25編あり,超音波振動(例えば11など)や楕円振動(例えば16など)を援用した加工法に関する論文があった.これらの論文ではニッケル基耐熱合金などの難削材やガラスのような硬脆材を加工対象としているものが多く見受けられた.さらに振動に加えて磁場(65)やレーザー (97)(109)の援用を併用するなどの新しい取り組みがみられた.工具摩耗に関する論文は20編あった.難削材切削における工具摩耗予測(31)や加工中の工具摩耗状態のモニタリングに関する論文(4)(34)(57)(67)(140)があった.題目に「ultraprecision」が含まれる論文は7編あり,ナノ多結晶銅の超精密切削シミュレーション(30)や単結晶サファイヤの超精密切削の分子動力学シミュレーション(32)など,切削時の材料分離と切りくず生成メカニズムに関する検討がなされていた.近年普及が進んでいるアディティブ・マニュファクチャリングにおける金属粉末溶融凝固材の切削加工特性に関する論文(16)(37)(76)(82)(88)(114)(123)が注目される.また2024年は多くのレビュー論文が発表されており,脆性材の超精密切削における脆性・延性モード遷移メカニズム研究に関するレビュー(43),超音波援用フライス加工研究に関するレビュー(58),切削で排出された切りくずの再利用に関する研究レビュー(107),圧縮黒鉛鋳鉄の切削加工特性研究に関するレビュー(111),ダイヤモンド工具による鉄鋼材料の切削加工特性研究に関するレビュー(115),持続可能な切削加工研究動向レビュー(141)が挙げられ,中でも生産加工のSDGsを意識した切削加工における廃棄物やCO2排出量削減を視野に入れた研究レビューが2編発表されたことが注目される.

〔酒井 克彦 静岡大学〕

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  62. Totis, D. Bortoluzzi and M. Sortino, Development of a universal, machine tool independent dynamometer for accurate cutting force estimation in milling, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.198(2024), 104151
  63. Guilin Zhuang, Hanzhong Liu, Zhimin Cao, Zhipeng Cui, Yifu Tanga and Wenjun Zong, An insight into the influence of precipitation phase on the surface quality in diamond turning of an Aluminium alloy, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.199(2024), 104163
  64. Kai Ma, Zhanqiang Liu, Bing Wang, Qinghua Song and Yukui Cai, How does the uncut chip thickness affect the deformation states within the primary shear zone during metal cutting?, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.199(2024), 104161
  65. Yintian Xing, Yue Liu, Tengfei Yin, Denghui Li, Zhanwen Sun, Changxi Xue, Wai Sze Yip and Suet To, Magnetic and ultrasonic vibration dual-field assisted ultra-precision diamond cutting of high-entropy alloys, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.202(2024), 104208
  66. Sanz-Calle, A. Iglesiasa, L.N. López de Lacalle, Z. Dombovaric and J. Munoaa, Optimal milling cutter helix selection for period doubling chatter suppression, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.202(2024), 104211
  67. Delin Liu, Zhanqiang Liu, Bing Wang, Qinghua Song, Hongxin Wang and Lizeng Zhang, Leveraging artificial intelligence for real-time indirect tool condition monitoring: From theoretical and technological progress to industrial applications, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.202(2024), 104209
  68. Changlin Liu, Jinyang Ke, Tengfei Yin, Wai Sze Yip, Jianguo Zhang, Suet To and Jianfeng Xu, Cutting mechanism of reaction-bonded silicon carbide in laser-assisted ultra-precision machining, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.203(2024), 104219
  69. Jinyang Ke, Jianguo Zhang, Xiao Chen, Changlin Liu, Gui Long, Hao Sun and Jianfeng Xu, Investigation on the material removal mechanism in ion implantation-assisted elliptical vibration cutting of hard and brittle material, International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.203(2024), 104220
  70. Xin Wanga, Biao Zhao, Wenfeng Ding and Wei Yu, Wear characteristics and performance in side milling of Ti2AlNb intermetallic alloys with coated and uncoated end mills, Wear, Vol.538-539(2024), 205216
  71. Ajith Kurian Baby, P.K. Rajendrakumar and Deepak Lawrence K, Comparative Study on the tribological performance and wear behaviour of hypereutectic Al–Si cylinder liner surfaces textured using micro-drilling and mechanical indentation-based approaches, Wear, Vol.540-541(2024), 205240
  72. Han Chen, Yongguo Wang, Jianliang Jiao, Chang’an Zhou, Zhuopeng Tan, Zhiqiang Zhonge, Lirong Huang and Yong Peng, Influence of different wet-blasting pressure on the surface integrity and tool cutting performance of hybrid CVD-TiN/TiCN/α-Al2O3/TiN coated tools, Wear, Vol.546-547(2024), 205327
  73. Boxiang Wang, Zhenhua Wang, Zengbin Yin and Juntang Yuan, Wear behavior of ultrafine WC-Co cemented carbide end mills during milling of Inconel 718, Wear, Vol.546-547(2024), 205359
  74. Jiaming Jiang, Wenxiang Zhao, Ting Sun, Fei Cheng, Lijing Xie and Xibin Wang, Performance and wear mechanisms of polycrystalline diamond tools with different diamond grains in milling Cf/SiC composites, Wear, Vol.546-547(2024), 205355
  75. Rahul Yadav, Mayank Kumar, N.D. Chakladar, A.M. Sidpara and Soumitra Paul, Evaluation of tool wear during micro-milling of ultrasonically assisted abrasive peened Ti-6Al-4V, Wear, Vol.552-553(2024), 205450
  76. Xunxun Zhang, Kenan Zhang, Jiaqiang Dang, Luqiang Tu, Qi Wang, Weiwei Ming, Dongfei Wang, Zhongming Liu and Ming Chen, Analysis of tool wear and cutting characteristics in milling of powder metallurgy nickel-based superalloy by various coatings, Wear, Vol.552-553(2024), 205429
  77. Guangjun Chen, Jiaqi Wang, Jinkai Xu, Zhiwu Han, Huadong Yu and Luquan Ren, Effect of forward and reverse cutting on tool wear behavior in ultrasonic vibration-assisted milling of 3D needle-punched C/SiC composites, Wear, Vol.552-553(2024), 205454
  78. Guoqing Zhang, Yaohui Wang, Zexuan Huo, Jiangfeng Zheng and Wenqi Zhang, Tool wear induced multimode vibration and multiscale patterns in precision turning NAK80, Wear, Vol.554-555(2024), 205467
  79. Pedro H.P. França, Lucas M.Q. Barbosa, Gustavo H.N. Fernandes, Paulo S. Martins and Marcio B. da Silva, Internally cooled tools: An eco-friendly approach to wear reduction in AISI 304 stainless steel machining, Wear, Vol.554–555(2024), 205490
  80. Luqiang Tu, Qinglong An, Jiong Zhang, Ming Chen and Dedong Yu, Understanding tool cutting-edge microstructure and deformation mechanism induced by adhesive wear in the turning of nickel-based superalloys, Wear, Vol.556-557(2024), 205519
  81. Dan-Yang Wen, Min Wan∗, Shao-Cong Linghu and Wei-Hong Zhang, A slip-line field model for independently characterizing shearing and ploughing effects in metal cutting processes, Wear, Vol.556-557(2024), 205504
  82. Gaurav Saraf, Sharib Imam and Chandrakant K. Nirala, Machinability analysis of additively manufactured Ti6Al4V using micro-pillar textured tool under various cutting fluid strategies, Wear, Vol.556-557(2024), 205514
  83. Jinyou Kang, Jinsheng Zhang, Heng Zhang, Zhongyu Zhang, Jing Guo, Yantao Gong and Kaida Wang, Wear behavior and impact breakage characterization of PCD teeth of circular saw blades during high-speed sawing of hard aluminum alloy, Wear, Vol.556-557(2024), 205534
  84. Naresh Babu, V. Anandan, Ruby Thomas, M. Dinesh Babu, Sudhansu Ranjan Das and N.L. Parthasarathi, The Behaviour of carbon quantum dots and cryogenic cooling in turning of super duplex F 53 steel, Wear, Vol.558-559(2024), 205575
  85. Yanjie Du and Yuwen Sun, Mechanism analysis and prediction of bull-nose cutter wear in multi-axis milling of Ti6Al4V with TiAlN coated inserts, Wear, Vol.558-559(2024), 205580
  86. S. Ibrahim, M.H. Sulaiman, R. Samin, Y. Yaakob, Shahira Liza Kamis, M.J.M. Ridzuan, A.A. Pauzi, N.A. Sukindar and K. Bienk, Tool wear of DLC coating as top-layered to CrN, TiAlSiN, TiAlN coatings in machining of steel and aluminum alloys, Wear, Vol.558-559(2024), 205574
  87. Eric Ramalho Ferreira de Carvalho, Tahiana Francisca da Conceiç˜ao Hermenegildo, Nicolau Apoena Castro, Anderson Clayton Alves de Melo, Salete Martins Alves, Evaluation of lubrication mechanism of hybrid nanolubricants in turning hardened AISI D6 tool steel, Wear, Vol.558-559(2024), 205583
  88. Guiru Meng, Yadong Gong, Jingdong Zhang, Qizhen Ren and Jibin Zhao, Microstructure effect on the machinability behavior of additive and conventionally manufactured Inconel 718 alloys, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.324(2024), 118228
  89. Zhifu Xue, Min Lai, Feifei Xu and Fengzhou Fang, Influence factors and prediction model of surface roughness in single-point diamond turning of polycrystalline soft metal, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.324(2024), 118256
  90. Jiajun Ji, Xiaobin Cui, Junjin Ma, Hongliang Zhou, Daohui Xiang and Pingmei Ming, Grafting–inspired bionic hierarchical structure for efficiently enhancing cemented carbide tool performance in green turning, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.324(2024), 118274
  91. Yintian Xing, Changxi Xue, Yue Liu, Hanheng Du, Wai Sze Yip and Suet To, Freeform surfaces manufacturing of optical glass by ultrasonic vibration-assisted slow tool servo turning, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.324(2024), 118271
  92. Han Wang, Urara Satake and Toshiyuki Enomoto, Modeling of oscillating bone sawing forces with instantaneous cutting speed and depth of cut, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.324(2024), 118225
  93. Zhongwei Li, Yuan-Liu Chen, Hui Li and Bing-Feng Ju, Force servo nano-precision diamond cutting of freeform surfaces on a micro-precision machine, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.325(2024), 118283
  94. Zhefei Sun, Daxi Geng, Hailin Guo, Qun Zhang, Yihang Liu, Lianxing Liu, Xinggang Jiang and Deyuan Zhang, Introducing transversal vibration in twist drilling: Material removal mechanisms and surface integrity, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.325(2024), 118296
  95. Daxi Genga, Zhefei Sun, Yihang Liu, Lianxing Liu, Enze Ying, Jun Cai, Xinggang Jiang and Deyuan Zhang, Unravelling the influence of vibration on material removal and microstructure evolution in ultrasonic transversal vibration-assisted helical milling of Ti-6Al-4V holes, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.326(2024), 118320
  96. Guang-Chao Nie, Dong Zhang, Zheng-Yan Yang, Xiao-Ming Zhang and Han Ding, Quantitative analysis of micro-crack formation in machining of nickel-based cast superalloy through in-situ imaging technique, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.326(2024), 118308
  97. Jianguo Zhang, Xinhuan Li, Yufan Fu, Yunxiang Zheng, Honglei Mo, Xiao Chen, Junfeng Xiao and Jianfeng Xu, Improved machinability of single crystal silicon by applying in-situ laser-vibration hybrid assisted diamond cutting, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.326 (2024), 118343
  98. Jianming Li, Yueshuai Zuo, Yang Wanga, Yongqing Wanga, Haibo Liu, Jie Zhang and Shaowei Jiang, On the chip formation mechanism when cutting Ti6Al4V with localized supply of liquid nitrogen, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 327(2024), 118377
  99. Jinyou Kang, Heng Zhang, Zhongyu Zhang , Tianyu Bai, Chenlong Zuo, Jing Guo and Jinsheng Zhang, Investigating damage mechanisms of honeycomb cores machined with PCD circular saw blades, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 327(2024), 118381
  100. Qibin Yue, Yufeng Li, Cheng Liang, Yan Wang and Yan He, Quantitative evaluation of residual stress and microstructural effects on the surface hardness of machined Ti-6Al-4 V alloy with microscopic characterization techniques, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 327(2024), 118382
  101. Jian Weng, Jannis Saelzer, Gabriel Brock, Niklas Ostermann, Tobias Grimm, Jan T. Sehrt, Dongdong Xu, Kejia Zhuang and Dirk Biermann, On machining-induced surface integrity of Inconel 718 fabricated by powder bed fusion, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 328(2024), 118406
  102. Yuanxiao Li, Feng Jiao, Ziqiang Zhang , Xue Wang and Ying Niu, A prediction model for drilling temperature of CFRP/Ti stacks and green cooling strategy considering chip ejection process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 329(2024), 118424
  103. Peng Gao, Xinlong Zhao, Min Wang, Xiangsheng Gao, Tao Zan and, Linkai Jing, Crack propagation determined by energy release rate in cortical bone ultrasonic vibration assisted cutting, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 330(2024),118453
  104. Chao Tanga, Dong Zhang, Feng Wang, Fei Yin, Dongsheng Qian, Kejian Li, Zhipeng Cai, Tao Huang, Xiaoming Zhang, Jian Wang, Chang Ye, Han Ding, Effects of magnetic intensity on the machining quality and tool damage in nickel-based superalloys subjected to magnetic-assisted cutting, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 331(2024), 118494
  105. -D. Bouzakis, M.-G. Gokcen, E. Bouzakis, A. Bouzakis, M. Ipekoglua, E. Osmanoglua and A.-U. Batuk, Extracting information from the cutting force signal to explain and exploit its discrepancy between up and down slot milling at the same chip thickness, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.331(2024), 118492
  106. Chunliang Kuo, Weiquan Lai and Tingyu Chang, Prediction of cutting forces, damage locations and machined surface integrity in machining of circular-cell honeycomb composites: Simulations, parametric effects and experimental validations, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 331(2024), 118529
  107. James W. Murray, Xiaoliang Jin, Christopher J. Cleaver, Jose M.C. Azevedo, Zhirong Liao, Wenbin Zhou, Jonathan M. Cullen, Julian M. Allwood and Adam T. Clare, A review of principles and options for the re-use of machining chips by solid, semi-solid or melt-based processing, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 331(2024), 118514
  108. Yang Yang, Yu Chen, Jian Wen and Chenyang Zhao, Proposal of trapezoidal vibration-assisted diamond cutting for ductile-regime machining of brittle crystals: A case study on KDP crystal, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 332(2024), 118562
  109. Yongsheng Du, Mingming Lu, Jieqiong Lin, Yucheng Li and Shaoyi Sun, nvestigation on machinability of SiCp/Al composites under the synergistic effect of pulsed laser assisted and ultrasonic elliptical vibration cutting, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 332(2024), 118561
  110. Han Wang, Urara Satake and Toshiyuki Enomoto, Reduction of sawing forces in bone cutting: Innovative oscillating saw mechanism based on trajectory analysis, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 332(2024),118563
  111. Larissa Juliana Sirtuli, Juan Manuel Bello Bermejo, Christina Windmark, Susanne Norgren, Jan-Eric Ståhl and Denis Boing, Machining of Compacted Graphite Iron: A review, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.332(2024), 118553
  112. Wenxin Zhang, Zhanfeng Wang and Junjie Zhang, Coupling CPFE-CA simulation for grain refinement in ultrasonic elliptical vibration diamond cutting of polycrystalline Cu, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.334(2024), 118638
  113. Tao Wu, Litao Chang, Wenjun Liang, Xiaoli Li, Li Guo and Xingtai Zhou, Understanding the grain refinement and residual stress formation mechanisms of a Ni-based alloy during machining processes, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.334(2024), 118641
  114. Dongbo Hong, Shusong Zan, Kieran Winter, Zhirong Liao and Dragos Axinte, On influence of microstructural anisotropy of additive manufactured structures upon machining dynamics: An example of milling of Ti6Al4V thin-walled parts, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.334(2024), 118644
  115. Chaosheng Song, Daohui Xiang, Bo Zhao, Qinglong An, Xuekun Li, Dazhong Wang, Feng Jiao, Guofu Gao and Xiaobin Cui, Improving wear resistance and machining performance of diamond tools in ferrous metals cutting: A review, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 334(2024), 118618
  116. Behnam Karimi and Yusuf Altintas, Chatter avoidance by spindle speed and orientation planning in five-axis ball-end milling of thin-walled blades, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, 146, No.2(2024), 021006, DOI: 10.1115/1.4063654
  117. Qiyang Ma, Yuhao Zhong, Zimo Wang and Satish Bukkapatnam, Effect of microstructure on the machinability of natural fiber reinforced plastic composites: A novel explainable machine learning (XML) approach, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol.146, No.3(2024), 031003, DOI: 10.1115/1.4064039
  118. Man Xu, Xinghui Han, Fangyan Zheng, Lin Hua and Yan Zeng, Design and manufacture method of aviation face gear with high load-bearing based on gear skiving process, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol.146, No.3(2024), 031009, DOI: 1115/1.4064332
  119. Jinchun Yuan, Jiasheng Li, Wei Wei and Ye Ding, Prediction of the waviness error in ultra-precision fly cutting using the direct integration method, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol.146, No.5(2024), 051007, DOI: 10.1115/1.4064834
  120. Minghui Yang, Yufei Tang, Chaoqun Wu, Shiyu Cao, Wenjian Huang and Xuyan Zhang, Characterization of serrated chip formation based on in situ imaging analysis in orthogonal cutting, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol.146, No.6(2024), 061002, DOI: 10.1115/1.4065136
  121. Zhengwen Nie and Hsi-Yung Feng, Efficient voxel-based workpiece update and cutter-workpiece engagement determination in multi-axis milling, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol.146, No.6(2024), 061003, DOI: 10.1115/1.4065180
  122. Ducobu, N. Kugalur-Palanisamy, G. Briffoteaux, M. Gobert, D. Tuyttens, P. J. Arrazola and E. Rivière-Lorphèvre, Identification of the constitutive and friction models parameters via a multi-objective surrogate-assisted algorithm for the modeling of machining—application to arbitrary lagrangian eulerian orthogonal cutting of Ti6Al4V, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol.146, No.6(2024), 061005, DOI: 10.1115/1.4065223
  123. Berend Denkena, Marcel Wichmann, Talash Malek, Hai Nam Nguyen, Makoto Kato, Kaito Isshiki, Ryo Koike and Yasuhiro Kakinuma, Digital twin in process planning of the additive and subtractive process chain for laser metal deposition and micro milling of stainless steel, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol.146, No.7(2024), 071004, DOI: 10.1115/1.4065415
  124. Kaveh Rahimzadeh Berenji, Faraz Tehranizadeh and Erhan Budak, Chatter stability of orthogonal turn-milling process in frequency and discrete-time domains, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol.146, No.9(2024), 091003, DOI: 10.1115/1.4065485
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  127. Michael Seger, Ritin Mathews, Deon Marais, Andrew M. Venter, Jeremiah Halley, Jyhwen Wang and Arif Malik, Effects of aluminum plate initial residual stress on machined-part distortion, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol.146, No.10(2024), 101006, DOI: 10.1115/1.4066155
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16.3 研削・研磨加工

2024年に国内外の学術誌で発表された研削・研磨加工に関連する論文について調査を行った.調査した論文誌は以下の8誌であり,各誌での掲載数を括弧書きで示す.和文誌は,日本機械学会論文集(1編),精密工学会誌(0編),砥粒加工学会誌(9編),英文誌は,Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design,Systems,and Manufacturing(1編),CIRP Annals(10編),International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture(5編),Journal of Materials Processing Technology(18編),Precision Engineering(43編)の合計87編である.掲載誌の内訳を表16-1-1に示す.分野別に分類すると,研削加工に関する論文が50編,研磨加工が37編であり,2023年と比べて研削加工では18編,研磨加工では14編の増加であった.和文誌における論文数は合計10編で,昨年に同じく日本機械学会論文集と精密工学会誌ではそれぞれ1編,0編と少なく,砥粒加工学会誌で研削加工が7編,研磨加工が2編程度掲載されているだけであった.英文誌では,Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design,Systems,and ManufacturingとInternational Journal of Machine Tools and Manufactureを除く3誌で多く掲載されている.また,英文誌における研削・研磨加工に関する論文数は,研削加工が43編,研磨加工が34編と,研削加工に関する発表が多い.なお英文誌において筆頭著者が日本の研究機関に所属しているものは研削加工が2件,研磨加工が3件であり,昨年に引き続き国外では研削加工に関する研究が活発に行われていることが見受けられる.

論文の内容をみると,研削加工に関する論文では,除去機構の解明や研削能力の改善に関する論文が多く見られた134.これらには,研削抵抗を予測する計算モデルの構築1,超砥粒ホイールの平面研削に関する研究2,ロータリインフィード研削に関する研究3,クリープフィード研削におけるびびり振動解析4,AM鋼材を対象とした研削性能の評価に関する研究5,浸炭処理が歯車の研削性能に及ぼす影響評価6,固定砥粒加工プロセスのモデリングに関する基礎知識強化貢献に資する研究7,バルク金属ガラスを基体としたダイヤモンドホイールの開発8,インコネル718の超高速研削に関する研究9,溶融シリカの研削温度予測モデルの構築10,チタン合金の高性能正面研削ツールの開発11,サファイアの超精密研削における残留応力と表面損傷計測12,光学非球面の研削における表面品質の評価と誤差補正13,残留応力の生成メカニズムとモデリング14,高エントロピー合金(HEA)を強化材とするFe結合ダイヤモンド工具の製造と評価15,ヘリカル溝の精密研削のための運動学モデリングと軌道最適化方法16,マイクロピンの研削加工に関する研究17,電気自動車のギアの連続生成研削における歯面波状性の形成メカニズム18,チタン合金の研削に微小研磨剤の効果検証19,インコネル625に対するナノMQLによる研削性評価20,チタン合金に対する超小型研削装置の研削性能評価21,タングステン重合金の端面研削による切りくず厚さモデル構築22,機械学習手法を併用したヘリカルギア形状研削ホイールに関する研究23,バインダレス超硬合金の研削加工法に関する研究24,硬脆材料の研削プロセスのモデル化に関する研究25,Ni基単結晶超合金の研削面におけるサブサーフェス応力負荷26,サファイアの微細構造表面創成研削に関する研究27,光学ガラスBK7の研削プロセスにおける表面およびサブサーフェス損傷(SSD)と表面粗さ(SR)に対する影響を調査した研究28,Ni基単結晶超合金の研削プロセスで生成されるサブサーフェス損傷メカニズムの解明29,アンサンブル学習による溶融シリカ(球状)の非球面研削プロセスにおけるプロファイル誤差予測30,高炭素軸受鋼に対して異なる研削深さと熱および機械的効果の下で,影響層の微細構造と特性を測定評価した研究31,6軸で構成される工作機械の幾何学的誤差を抑制するための研究32,研削プロセスにおける表面生成と材料除去のメカニズムに対して,粒子サイズと分布のランダム性が与える影響を調査した研究33,脆性材料の精密/超精密加工における延性加工(DMM)と延性-脆性転移(DBT)のメカニズムに関するレビュー記事34などが含まれている.

研削性能変化に影響を及ぼすドレッシングに関する研究も発表されている.単石ドレッサのオーバーラップ比を考慮したドレッシング条件の影響評価35,ロータリードレッシングのリードパターン予測・シミュレ―ション36,ドレッシング後のホイールの「鋭さ」の定量化を試みた研究37,CFRP加工におけるインプロセスレーザドレッシング加工に関する研究38などが該当する.半導体ウエハの研削加工に関する研究も比較的多い.SiC,GaNウエハの加工変質層(残留応力)を計測評価した研究39,GaN単結晶窒化ガリウム研削における材料除去メカニズムの解明40,GaN結晶の研削における表面微細形態モデル構築41,研削砥石の振動振幅などを考慮したウエハ研削加工のシミュレーションに関する研究42などがある.加工点への超音波付与を行った超音波援用研削に関する研究発表も多く確認された.材料特性(硬度や破壊靭性)が研削溝の形成や周期的構造(テクスチャ)に与える影響を調査した研究43,チタン合金に対して超音波振動をホイールの径方向に援用した研削加工が与える効果を検証した研究44,連続繊維強化金属基複合材料(CFMMC)の超音波研削における異質成分の除去メカニズムと研削力モデル構築に関する研究45,石英ガラスの微小穴研削に関する研究46,SiCf/SiC複合材料の除去メカニズムと表面品質に関する調査を行い,縦方向およびねじり方向の超音波振動を利用した研削法(LTUAG)の効果を分析した研究47,超音波アシスト電解インプロセスドレッシング(UA-ELID)研削における接触面の動的固液混合力学モデル構築と実験的検証48,アンサンブル学習による表面粗さ予測システムの構築と評価49,複合超音波振動支援端面研削(CUVAFG)を用いたSiCの未変形切屑厚さに関する研究50などが発表されている.

研磨加工に関する論文においても研磨現象や研磨能力の向上に資する論文が多く報告されている5172.天山石の研磨面と未研磨面をレーザ顕微鏡およびEPMAで分析した研究51,CMC-Na添加研磨液中の砥粒の沈降特性と研磨特性を評価した研究52,シリコンウエハの研磨中に発生するエッジ形状の変化を調査した研究53,直径が変化するサブミリメートルの細長いチューブの内部表面を均一に研磨する新しい方法を提案する研究54,薄膜のスクラッチングおよび仕上げ加工中に表面の完全性を能動的に制御する方法を提案する研究55,流体ジェット研磨(FJP)における送り速度決定アルゴリズムに関する研究56,等離子体を用いた原子スケールの再構築(PEAR)技術を提案し,次世代高性能半導体材料の表面を原子レベルで平滑化する手法に関する研究57,エネルギー密度に基づくレーザ研磨技術を用いて,チタン合金の表面品質を向上させる論文に関するレビュー記事58,ダイヤモンドゲルディスクを用いた固相フェントン反応に基づくSiC研磨プロセスの性能と材料除去メカニズム59,プラズマベースの異方性エッチングを用いた多結晶ダイヤモンドフィルムの高効率なセミフィニッシング手法60,振動支援光触媒酸化を用いた反応焼結炭化ケイ素(RS-SiC)の超精密ダイヤモンド仕上げ61,研磨プロセス中の多結晶タングステンの粒子除去特性と影響因子を調査した研究62,円筒形ボネットツール研磨における材料除去モデルの改良63,超音波振動ポリッシングが材料除去率や表面品質に与える影響を評価した研究64,軟脆性材料の水溶解研磨におけるパッドの溝形状が研磨性能に与える影響65,超精密研磨機における高精度な運動補間方法に関する研究66,酸水素炎を用いた粘弾性流動を利用して,ナノ・マイクロスケールでガラスマイクロレンズアレイの表面を均一に研磨する新しい方法を提案する研究67,最適化された無織布研磨ホイールを用いたシリコンウエハの超低損傷加工に関する研究68,レーザ研磨中の溶融池の進化が表面構造の形成に与える影響を調査した研究69,一定の荷重と可変ギャップを用いた動的磁場磁気レオロジー仕上げ(MRF)技術に関する研究70,自由曲面における磁気研磨仕上げ(MAF)プロセスの材料除去メカニズムのモデル化71,不織布研磨ホイールを使用して,シリコンウエハの超低損傷加工実現を試みた研究72などが含まれていた.

せん断増粘研磨をキーワードとする研究も行われている.磁気レオロジーせん断増粘研磨(MRSTP)プロセス中の材料除去特性を数値シミュレーションと実験的に調査し,材料除去率(MRR)モデルを構築する研究73,多極結合磁場を用いたMRSTPの研磨力を理論的および実験的に調査した研究74,タングステンカーバイドのせん断増粘研磨における不純物の影響などを調査した研究75が該当する.中でも化学的機械研磨(CMP)技術について検証した研究成果が最も顕著であった.材料除去率(MRR)をリアルタイムに予測するシステム構築に関する研究76,スラリーレス電気化学的機械研磨(ECMP)における弱アルカリ電解質を用いた4H-SiCの酸化メカニズムを解明する研究77,アルミナ粒子がルテニウムの研磨性能に与える影響を調査する研究78,磁場と化学的作用を組み合わせた新しい磁気強化化学的機械研磨(MECMP)法を提案し,クォーツガラスの細長い穴の内部表面を高効率かつ高品質に研磨する研究79,単結晶シリコンの表面微細形態を調査した研究80,バルク酸化物の熱効果について検証した研究81,SiCの化学的機械研磨(CMP)における研磨媒体の化学作用が材料除去に与える影響について調査する研究82,凝集ダイヤモンド砥粒を用いた単結晶SiC基板の材料除去率モデル構築に関する研究83,単結晶SiCの複合機械研磨に関する研究84,パッド表面のトポグラフィーを考慮した材料除去率(MRR)予測のためのディープアンサンブル学習モデルについて検証した研究85,パッド調整の効率を向上させるためのシミュレーション手法を開発する研究86,スラリー中の粒子サイズ分布を高精度に測定するための新しい方法を開発する研究87などが該当する.

 

表16-1-1 2024年に発表された研削・研磨加工に関する論文数

研削 研磨
日本機械学会論文集 1 0 1
精密工学会誌 0 0 0
砥粒加工学会誌 7 2 9
Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing 1 0 1
CIRP Annals 5 5 10
International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 3 2 5
Journal of Materials Processing Technology 8 10 18
Precision Engineering 25 18 43
50 37 87

〔児玉 紘幸 岡山大学〕

 

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  36. Garcia,J. Alvarez,I. Pombo,D. Barrenetxea,Rotary dressing and cylindrical grinding simulation for lead pattern prediction,CIRP Annals,Vol.73, No.1 (2024), pp.249-252.
  37. Jeffrey Badger,Hastings Wyman,A unified approach to traverse dressing with radiused diamond tools,CIRP Annals,73, No.1 (2024), pp.245-248.
  38. Keiji YAMADA, Tochi NAGANO, Kenta KUBO, Ryutaro TANAKA, Katsuhiko SEKIYA,Chip loading on electroplated diamond wheels in trimming process for CFRPs and effects by in-process laser dressing,Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing,18, No.5 (2024), DOI:10.1299/jamdsm.2024jamdsm0054.
  39. 小貫 哲平, 柴 教一郎, 黒田 隼乃介, 茂垣 有亮, 尾嶌 裕隆, 清水 淳, 周 立波,顕微ラマン断層イメージングによるワイドバンドギャップ半導体ウエハ加工変質層観測,砥粒加工学会誌, 68, No. 4 (2024), pp.202-207.
  40. Yueqin Wu,Qijian Rao,Zhiyuan Qin,Shuiping Tan,Guoqin Huang,Hui Huang,Xipeng Xu,Han Huang,A distinctive material removal mechanism in the diamond grinding of (0001)-oriented single crystal gallium nitride and its implications in substrate manufacturing of brittle materials,International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture,203 (2024), 104222.
  41. Chen Li,Kechong Wang,Yinchuan Piao,Hailong Cui,Oleg Zakharov,Zhiyu Duan,Feihu Zhang,Yongda Yan,Yanquan Geng,Surface micro-morphology model involved in grinding of GaN crystals driven by strain-rate and abrasive coupling effects,International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture,201 (2024), 104197.
  42. Meng Li, Xianglong Zhu, Renke Kang, Jiasheng Li, Jiahui Xu, Tianyu Li,Simulation modeling of wafer grinding surface roughness considering grinding vibration,Precision Engineering,91 (2024), pp.278-289.
  43. 牛越 裕太, 伊藤 寛明, 藤本 正和,超音波援用研削を利用した金型材へのテクスチャリングに及ぼす材料特性の影響と研削溝形成に関する一考察,日本機械学会論文集, Vol. 90, No. 930 (2024), DOI:10.1299/transjsme.23-00292.
  44. 今井 健一郎,ホイール径方向に超音波振動を援用した研削加工 —チタン合金における振動援用の効果—,砥粒加工学会誌, 68, No. 3 (2024), pp.133-139.
  45. Tao Chen,Hong Xiao,Shandong Feng,Biao Zhao,Wenfeng Ding,Ning Qian,Jiuhua Xu,Yumin Wang,Heterogeneous components removal mechanism and grinding force model from energy aspect in ultrasonic grinding continuous fiber reinforced metal matrix composites,Journal of Materials Processing Technology,332 (2024), 118538.
  46. Yanjun Lu,Mingrong Guo,Yongqi Dai,Qiang Wang,Hu Luo,Yongbo Wu,Ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding of quartz glass micro-hole,Precision Engineering,91 (2024), pp.321-335.
  47. Qixuan Sun,Kun Ren,Qinglong An,Dingyi Tao,Mengqiu Yu,Qing Miao,Ming Zhang,Hua Li,Zhen Yin,Study on removal mechanism and surface quality of SiCf/SiC composites by longitudinal torsional ultrasonic vibration-assisted grinding,Precision Engineering,91 (2024), pp.47-58.
  48. Jianxing Wu,Huaichao Wu,Lv Yang,Fang Lu,Bin Ji,Limei Zhao,Dynamic solid-liquid mixing mechanical model of contact surfaces and experiment of M50 aviation bearing steel by using ultrasonic-assisted electrolytic in-process dressing grinding,Precision Engineering,88 (2024), pp.204-222.
  49. Mingli Zhao,Boxi Xue,Bohan Li,Junming Zhu,Wenbin Song,Ensemble learning with support vector machines algorithm for surface roughness prediction in longitudinal vibratory ultrasound-assisted grinding,Precision Engineering,88 (2024), pp.382-400.
  50. Qihui Cheng,Chenwei Dai,Qing Miao,Zhen Yin,Jiajia Chen,Shengjun Yang,Undeformed chip thickness with composite ultrasonic vibration-assisted face grinding of silicon carbide: Modeling, computation and analysis,Precision Engineering,86 (2024), pp.48-65.
  51. 立山 博, 馬込 栄輔, 房安 貴弘, 田中 義人,天山石の研磨工程で石材表面に同時形成された薄膜のシンクロトロン放射光による解析,砥粒加工学会誌, 68, No. 2 (2024), pp.88-89.
  52. 高塚 渓太, 瀧野 日出雄,光透過率測定によるCMC-Na添加研磨液の砥粒沈降性評価と同研磨液の研磨特性評価,砥粒加工学会誌, 68, No. 1 (2024), pp.26-32.
  53. Urara Satake, Toshiyuki Enomoto,Changes in edge shape during silicon wafer polishing: Roll-off and roll-up formation,CIRP Annals,73, No.1 (2024), pp.273-276.
  54. Jiang Guo,Qikai Li,Zhen Tong,Wansheng Zhao,Lin Li,A new internal surface polishing method for sub-millimeter slender tube with varying diameters,CIRP Annals,73, No.1 (2024), pp.265-268.
  55. Wu-Le Zhu,Wei Gao,Fang Han,Qi Sun,Bingchun Jia,Peipei Jing,Bing-Feng Ju,Anthony Beaucamp,Active control of surface integrity in thin film scratching and finishing,CIRP Annals,73, No.1 (2024), pp.417-420.
  56. Shuntaro Yamato,Burak Sencer,Anthony Beaucamp,Concurrent process and feedrate scheduling with convoluted basis functions and its application to fluid jet polishing,International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture,197 (2024), 104135.
  57. Yongjie Zhang,Jin Tang,Shaoxiang Liang,Junlei Zhao,Mengyuan Hua,Chun Zhang,Hui Deng,Atomic-scale smoothing of semiconducting oxides via plasma-enabled atomic-scale reconstruction,International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture,196 (2024), 104119.
  58. Daohui Xiang,A review of laser polishing on Ti6Al4V based on energy density,Journal of Materials Processing Technology,331 (2024), 118520.
  59. Lanxing Xu,Kaiping Feng,Liang Zhao,Yanzhang Gu,Tianchen Zhao,Binghai Lyu,Polishing performance and material removal mechanism in the solid-phase Fenton reaction based polishing process of SiC wafer using diamond gel disc,Journal of Materials Processing Technology,330 (2024), 118486.
  60. Nian Liu,Ling Lei,Huilong Jiang,Yongjie Zhang,Junfeng Xiao,Jianguo Zhang,Xiao Chen,Jianfeng Xu,Kazuya Yamamura,A highly efficient semi-finishing approach for polycrystalline diamond film via plasma-based anisotropic etching,Journal of Materials Processing Technology,332 (2024), 118578.
  61. Zhichao Geng,Yingdong Liang,Fengzhou Fang,Ultra-precision diamond finishing of reaction-sintered silicon carbide enhanced by vibration-assisted photocatalytic oxidation,Journal of Materials Processing Technology,331 (2024), 118527.
  62. Jian Ma,Hongbing Wan,Feng Peng,Hongyu Chen,Chang Chen,Pengqi Chen,Tufa Habtamu Beri,Heng Chen,Kun Ren,Binghai Lyu,Study on grain removal characteristics and influencing factors of polycrystalline tungsten during polishing process,Precision Engineering,91 (2024), pp.499-506.
  63. Bingbing Teng, Chen Jiang, Zhenyu Jiang, Hui Ye, Shiwei Xu,Enhanced material removal modeling in cylindrical bonnet tool polishing: Incorporating time-dependent pad wear effects,Precision Engineering,91 (2024), pp.336-343.
  64. Wenhu Xu,Cheng Huang,Xianghong Liu,Min Zhong,Jianfeng Chen,Meirong Yi,Xiaobing Li,Influences of ultrasonic vibration directions, amplitudes, and frequencies on sapphire polishing studied by molecular dynamics,Precision Engineering,91 (2024), pp.155-173.
  65. Zhipeng Cheng,Xuanping Wang,Hang Gao,Dongming Guo,Study on the groove geometry of pad in water dissolution polishing of soft brittle materials based on trajectory analysis,Precision Engineering,91 (2024), pp.290-299.
  66. Ke Chen,Bo Xiao,ChunYang Wang,XueLian Liu,Xu Zhang,Chaoxiang Xia,FRKVF: High-accuracy motion interpolation for polishing operations using fourth-order Runge-Kutta and velocity flexibility planning,Precision Engineering,90 (2024), pp.122-140.
  67. Jin Tang,Yi Zhang,Xingzhan Li,Qian Wang,Peng Zhou,Linfeng Zhang,Quanpeng He,Hui Deng,Conformal polishing of a glass microlens array through oxyhydrogen flame-induced viscoelasticity flow at nano/microscale,Journal of Materials Processing Technology,328 (2024), 118420.
  68. Shang Gao, Jinxing Huang, Yu Zhang, Xiaoguang Guo, Renke Kang,Ultra-low damage processing of silicon wafer with an innovative and optimized nonwoven grind-polishing wheel,Precision Engineering,88 (2024), pp.884-894.
  69. Jiejing Li, Huayang Wu, Haixu Liu, Dunwen Zuo,The effect of molten pool evolution on the formation of surface structures during laser polishing,Precision Engineering,86 (2024), pp.170-182.
  70. Zhanliang Huang, Qiusheng Yan, Jisheng Pan, Zhijun Chen, Jiabin Lu,Dynamic magnetic field magnetorheological finishing with constant load and variable gap,Precision Engineering,86 (2024), pp.388-399.
  71. Pengfei Chen,Yuewu Gao,Guoyong Zhao,Yugang Zhao,Guiguan Zhang,Yang Yang,Modeling of material removal mechanism on free-form surface in magnetic abrasive finishing process,Precision Engineering,91 (2024), pp.507-521.
  72. Shang Gao, Jinxing Huang, Yu Zhang, Xiaoguang Guo, Renke Kang,Ultra-low damage processing of silicon wafer with an innovative and optimized nonwoven grind-polishing wheel,Precision Engineering,88 (2024), pp.884-894.
  73. Yebing Tian,Zhen Ma,Xifeng Ma,Ling Li,Jiwang Yan,A cross-scale material removal prediction model for magnetorheological shear thickening polishing,Journal of Materials Processing Technology,332 (2024), 118569.
  74. Cheng Qian,Yebing Tian,Shadab Ahmad,Zhen Ma,Ling Li,Zenghua Fan,Theoretical and experimental investigation on magnetorheological shear thickening polishing force using multi-pole coupling magnetic field,Journal of Materials Processing Technology,328 (2024), 118414.
  75. Yanfei Dai,Jiahuan Wang,Zewei Tang,Jiahui Du,Hongyu Chen,Binghai Lyu,The sub-nanometer finishing surface evolution of tungsten carbide in shear thickening polishing and the effect of the impurities,Precision Engineering,88 (2024), pp.997-1010.
  76. Hirano, T. Sato, N. Suzuki,Real-time prediction of material removal rate for advanced process control of chemical mechanical polishing,CIRP Annals,Vol.73, No.1 (2024), pp.269-272.
  77. Rongyan Sun,Ryosuke Kinoshita,Kazufumi Aoki,Shota Hayakawa,Kantaro Hori,Koichiro Yasuda,Yuji Ohkubo,Kazuya Yamamura,Oxidation mechanism of 4H-SiC in slurry-less ECMP with weak alkaline electrolyte,CIRP Annals,73, No.1 (2024), pp.277-280.
  78. Hongyu Di, Ping Zhou, Yunxiang Lu, Ke Yang, Dongming Guo,Role of alumina particles in chemical-mechanical synergies in ruthenium polishing,Journal of Materials Processing Technology,330 (2024), 118477.
  79. Jiang Guo,Pu Qin,Qikai Li,Xu Zhu,Gaoliang Dai,Chunjin Wang,Chi Fai Cheung,A new magnetic enhanced chemical mechanical polishing method for quartz glass slender holes,Journal of Materials Processing Technology,327 (2024), 118361.
  80. Ke Yang,Hongyu Di,Ning Huang,Changyu Hou,Ping Zhou,Surface microtopography evolution of monocrystalline silicon in chemical mechanical polishing,Journal of Materials Processing Technology,328 (2024), 118387.
  81. Pengzhan Liu,Wookyung Jeon,Jangwon Seo,Seunghwan Lee,Ziyang Wang,Hyeonjeong Lee,Sanghuck Jeon,Taesung Kim,Investigation of thermal effects in bulk oxide chemical mechanical polishing,Precision Engineering,88 (2024), pp.958-969.
  82. Xue Li,Pengfei Wu,Nannan Zhu,Dunwen Zuo,Yongwei Zhu,Effects of chemical action of polishing medium on the material removal of SiC,Precision Engineering,89 (2024), pp.91-102.
  83. Pengfei Wu, Ning Liu, Xue Li, Yongwei Zhu,Material removal rate model for chemical–mechanical polishing of single-crystal SiC substrates using agglomerated diamond abrasive,Precision Engineering,88 (2024), pp.572-583.
  84. Xinxing Ban,Zhuangzhi Tian,Jianhui Zhu,Tianxu Duan,Shaodong Zheng,Ningchang Wang,Shaoxing Han,Hui Qiu,Zhengxin Li,Compound mechanical and chemical-mechanical polishing processing technique for single-crystal silicon carbide,Precision Engineering,86 (2024), pp.160-169.
  85. Jongmin Jeong, Yeongil Shin, Seunghun Jeong, Seonho Jeong, Haedo Jeong,Deep ensemble learning for material removal rate prediction in chemical mechanical planarization with pad surface topography,Precision Engineering,88 (2024), pp.777-787.
  86. Zhen-Pei Wang, Zhi-Qian Zhang,A collocation grids method for determining pad conditioning coverage and density under long time conditioning process,Precision Engineering,85 (2024), pp.1-9.
  87. Jiaqing Zhu, Terutake Hayashi, Syuhei Kurokawa,Measurement of number-weighted particle size distribution for CMP slurry using nanoparticle chip,Precision Engineering,86 (2024), pp.203-212.

目次に戻る

16.4 電気・化学加工

放電加工に関する研究では,微細穴加工の安定性と加工性能の向上を目的とした研究が進んだ.二層構造の「ピーリング工具電極」により,加工中に外層を剥離させることで微小径を維持し,安定した微細穴加工を実現する手法が提案された(1).また,柔軟な球状電極をガイド付きで懸架することで,従来困難であった屈曲穴の加工が可能となった(2).細穴用工具電極の形状・材料設計の最適化に関するレビュー(3)や,加工中に生じる圧力差を利用して電極間の気泡・デブリを排出しやすくすることでアスペクト比の向上を図る研究(4)なども行われた.加工現象の解明も進み,単一放電時の気泡の生成と成長・崩壊の様子を高速観察することで,残留物の排出メカニズムが明らかにされた(5).また,大面積ウェハの平坦化に向けて,容量性結合によりナノ秒単位の放電を並列で発生させるワイヤレス給電技術が提案された(6).ワイヤ放電加工(WEDM)では,電極ワイヤの真円度向上が加工面粗さや寸法精度の改善に寄与することが示された(7).さらに,SUS304加工面へのスラッジの過剰付着メカニズムの解明(8),CFD解析による放電液ノズル径の影響分析(9)など,加工安定性と効率向上に関する知見が蓄積された.特殊材料への応用では,FeCrAl合金管をWEDMで加工し,表面酸化膜とその電気絶縁性能の評価が行われ,核融合炉用途への適用可能性が示唆された(10).また,Ti3SiC2 系 MAX 相セラミックスを対象とした加工においては,放電加工後の材料において硬度や強度の向上が確認された(11).加えて,積層造形(AM)で成形した純銅電極をEDMに適用し,その有効性が検証された(12).さらに,電解放電加工(ECDM)に関しても,電極側面の絶縁処理により先端への放電集中を実現する手法(13),および電極押付け力を制御することによって加工精度と安定性を高める試み(14)が報告されている.

電解加工に関する研究では,加工精度向上と制御性強化を目的とした研究が多く見られた.スタンプフラッシング法では,電解液を一時的に封入・排出することにより,エッジ形状まで正確に工具形状を転写することが可能となった(15).また,非加工領域で発生する水素気泡を活用し,電流の局所集中による精密加工を達成する技術も報告された(16).加工特性の理解に向けては,電気二重層の充放電挙動を考慮した電圧・電流波形の時間応答解析から,パラメータを迅速に特定する手法が提案された(17).さらに,多孔質電極と微小気泡の併用により加工面粗さの低減が実現され,表面品位が大幅に向上した(18).装置構成の観点では,電解液を工具内部に循環させる密閉構造が開発され,周囲への液体の飛散を抑制しつつ,他の加工法との複合化が可能となった(19).また,積層造形で製作された金型内部冷却流路の粗い内壁に対して電解仕上げを施すことで,狭小な冷却流路の内壁を平滑化する電解加工法の可能性も示された(20, 21)

化学加工に関する研究では,スラリーを用いないECMPによる4H-SiC基板の高品位仕上げ技術が注目された.弱アルカリ性の電解液中でSiC表面を酸化しやすい状態に変化させ,機械研磨との相乗効果で鏡面品質の表面が得られた(22).本手法では加工硬化層が形成されず,ダメージフリーな仕上げが可能であり,硬脆材料の高精度・高品位加工が実現された.

〔小玉 脩平 東京都市大学〕

参考文献
  1. 田辺 里枝, ピーリング工具:微細放電加工に用いる同軸二層構造の工具電極, 精密工学会誌, Vol.90, No.9 (2024), pp.692-695.
  2. 山口 篤,岡田 晃, ガイド付きつり下げ電極を用いた放電加工による屈折穴・屈曲穴加工, 精密工学会誌, Vol.90, No.9 (2024), pp.696-700.
  3. 武沢 英樹, 細穴放電加工用工具電極の進化とその効果, 精密工学会誌, Vol.90, No.9 (2024), pp.673-676.
  4. Ye Chen, Dahai Mi, Wataru Natsu, A Method to Enhance the Depth-to-Diameter Ratio of Micro-Holes Drilled with EDM Using the Pressure Difference Created at the Hole Entrance. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. Vol. 26 (2025), pp. 727–736.
  5. Chenxue Wang, Tomohiro Sasaki, Atsutoshi Hirao, Bubble behavior of single-pulse discharge in EDM, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol.126 (2024), pp.60-73.
  6. Junming Guan, Hongqiang Wang, Masanori Kunieda, Yonghua Zhao, A wireless-feeding capacitive electrode mechanism for achieving massive nanosecond parallel-discharge EDM for large-size wafer flattening, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol.126 (2024), pp.230-244.
  7. 吉本 雅一, 三浦 裕二, 金井 亮太, 金子 健正, 電極線の真円度向上がもたらすワイヤ放電加工面の精度向上, 精密工学会誌, Vol.90, No.9 (2024), pp.669-672.
  8. 山本 敦子, 澤野 宏, 中 吉嗣, 納冨 充雄, ワイヤ放電加工におけるSUS304加工表面の過剰付着のメカニズムに関する研究, 砥粒加工学会誌, Vol.68, No.7 (2024), pp.392-398.
  9. Shixian Liu, Akira Okada, Fundamental Study on Jetting Nozzle Diameter for Smooth Debris Exclusion in Wire EDM, International Journal of Electrical Machining, Vol.29 (2024), pp.27-32.
  10. Ryuhei Muto, Masatoshi Kondo, Takashi Endo, Ryunosuke Nishio, Teruya Tanaka, Growth of α-Al₂O₃ layer involving abnormal oxides in FeCrAl alloy tube fabricated by WEDM process and electrical insulating performance in fusion reactor blanket, Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol.493 (2024), 131250.
  11. Kensei KANEKO, Kenyo SHINADA, Naoya YAMAGUCHI, Yen-Ling KUO, Makoto NANKO, Changes in Mechanical Properties of Ti₃AlC₂ Ceramics by Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM), International Journal of Electrical Machining, Vol.29 (2024), pp.8-13.
  12. 柳田 大祐, 渡邊 幸司, 南 久,金属積層造形 (AM) 法による銅電極製作と放電加工, 精密工学会誌, Vol.90, No.9 (2024), pp.688-691.
  13. Chenxue Wang, Tomohiro Sasaki, Atsutoshi Hirao, A simple method for insulating sidewalls of the cathode tool to enhance precision in ECDM, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, Vol.19, No.11 (2024), 100838.
  14. Katsushi Furutani, Kei Harada, Takahiro Tsuchiya, Electrochemical Discharge Machining under Thrust Force Control in Lathe-type Machine, International Journal of Electrical Machining, Vol.29 (2024), pp.1-7.
  15. Xiaoming Duan, Xiaodong Yang, Masanori Kunieda, Achieving high replicability for electrochemical machining via the proposed stamp-flushing method, Precision Engineering, Vol.85 (2024), pp.10-23.
  16. Qingrong Zhang, Wataru Natsu, Hongping Luo, Realization of high-precision electrochemical machining by active use of hydrogen bubbles generated in non-machining area, Precision Engineering, Vol.91 (2024), pp.59-76.
  17. Qingrong Zhang, Hongping Luo, Wataru Natsu Parameter Identification of Equivalent Circuit for Pulsed Electrochemical Machining Based on Experimentally Obtained Current Waveforms. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. Vol. 25, (2024), pp. 2491–2500.
  18. Tomohiro Koyano, Jin Yoshida, Tatsuaki Furumoto, Akira Hosokawa, Improvement of Surface Quality of Electrochemical Machining Using Porous Electrode by Mixing Bubbles into Electrolyte, International Journal of Electrical Machining, Vol.29 (2024), pp.14-19.
  19. 松澤 幸輝, 内山 光夫, 加工液内部循環法を用いた電解加工―加工液密閉法の実験的評価と加工液圧力制御による電解加工特性の確認―, 電気加工学会誌, Vol.58, No.149 (2024), pp.68-74.
  20. 伊藤 幸弘, 新郷 晴紀, 国枝 正典,金属積層造形法により製作した金型内部冷却管壁の電解仕上げの特性, 電気加工学会誌, Vol.58, No.149 (2024), pp.75-80.
  21. 神谷 陽来, 夏 恒,電解加工によるAM造形物の冷却流路壁面の平滑化の提案と直穴への適用に関する基礎研究, 精密工学会誌, Vol.90, No.8 (2024), pp.657-661.
  22. Rongyan Sun, Ryosuke Kinoshita, Kazufumi Aoki, Shota Hayakawa, Kantaro Hori, Koichiro Yasuda, Yuji Ohkubo, Kazuya Yamamura, Oxidation mechanism of 4H-SiC in slurry-less ECMP with weak alkaline electrolyte, CIRP Annals,Vol.73, No. 1 (2024), pp. 277-280.

目次に戻る

16.5 エネルギービーム加工

エネルギービーム加工は,光,電気,電子,イオンなどのエネルギーを工作物に照射して加工するプロセスであり,レーザビーム,電子ビームやイオンビームなどが該当する.本節では,2024年に国内外の主な学術誌に掲載されたエネルギービーム加工に関する論文の一部について述べる.はじめに,論文の内訳をみると,国内の主な関連学術誌からは,日本機械学会論文集で2編,精密工学会誌で2編,砥粒加工学会誌で1編,Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems and Manufacturingで3編,International Journal of Automation Technologyで3編の報告があった.海外の主な関連学術誌からは,Precision Engineeringで約13編,International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufactureで約22編,Journal of Materials Processing Technologyで151編,CIRP Annalsで約25編の報告があった.

エネルギービーム加工における論文のキーワードを見ると,付加製造技術(Additive Manufacturing:AM)に関する論文が多く報告されていた.金属AMに関する報告が多く,粉末床溶融結合法(Powder Bed Fusion:PBF)に関する報告が7割程度,指向性エネルギー堆積法(Directed Energy Deposition:DED)が次に多く報告されていた.PBFやDEDで用いられるエネルギービームとしては,レーザ光に関する報告がほとんどであった.金属AM造形の粉末材料としては,Ti-6Al-4Vなどのチタン合金,SUS316Lなどのステンレス鋼,AlSi10Mgなどのアルミニウム合金,CuAlMnなどの銅合金のように,様々な材料が用いられていた.

AMに関する論文の内容を見ると,PBFによって造形した超硬合金WC-Co工具を用いて,チタン合金(Ti-6Al-4V)に対して切削加工を行い,工具性能が評価された1.PBFによる造形物の組織制御に関する論文としては,NiTi合金の造形時にレーザ光出力の変化によって造形中のNiの蒸発を制御することで,組織やエンタルピーが変化することが示された2.PBF造形時にN2およびArガス濃度を調整し,TiN合金の組織制御が可能であることが報告された3.造形時のパラメータではなく造形角度を変化させることで材料組織を変化させ,圧縮強度などの機械的性質が向上することが示された4.Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr (Ti5553)合金は急冷時にマルテンサイト変態が生じずクラックが生じにくいチタン合金であり,PBFによって造形したTi5553合金の材料組織と機械的性質が報告された5.良好な機械的性質ならびに高精度なAl-Mg-Sc-Zr合金を造形することを目的として,粉末の粒形が2-20µm,レーザ光の集光スポットが25µmのµ-PBFが提案された6

AM造形物のポストプロセスに関する論文として,AM造形物は引張残留応力の発生が問題になることがあるが,PBFで造形したアルミニウム合金に対してレーザピーニング処理を行うことで圧縮残留応力を付与できることが示された(7).クロムモリブデン合金鋼SCM440をPBFによって造形した後,造形物に研削加工を行い,造形物と溶製材との研削性の違いを明らかにした (8).PBFを用いた複雑形状造形の取り組みとしては,SUS316Lを用いたPBFによって温度上昇時の熱膨張を抑制したラティス構造体 (9),多孔質な構造体を作成することで機械的性質や流体の透過性を向上した構造体10,CuAlMn合金を用いた超弾性を示す構造体11などが提案された.造形時に発生するポロシティなどの欠陥低減に関する取り組みとしては,造形中のレーザ光出力と温度の関係をモニタリングし,データを機械学習によってフィードバックすることで,造形物のポロシティが減少することを明らかにした12.SUS316基板上にCuCrZr合金をPBFで造形する際,リングモードレーザを用いることで,界面での欠陥が少ない良好な造形物が得られることが示された13.また,リングモードビームを用いたインコネルの造形および材料組織に及ぼす影響が明らかにされた14

DEDに関する論文として,DEDでは異なる金属粉末を同時に供給することが可能であることから,CuZr合金とSUS316L15,析出硬化型ステンレス鋼(PH48S)とSUS316L16,インコネル718とTi2AlC合金17などの造形が報告された.各材料の機械的性質を活かした傾斜機能を有した新しい造形物が提案されており,今後も様々な材料の組み合わせによる新機能造形物の開発が期待される.また,高速度鋼のDEDにおいて,温度履歴がワークの硬度および割れに及ぼす影響を数値解析と実験手法により調査し,割れや焼戻しの軟化を抑制するためには,ワーク温度をマルテンサイト変態点以上に保つために継続的に加熱する必要があることが報告された18.ハイエントロピー合金のDED造形において,高速度ビデオカメラと赤外線カメラで得られた造形中の各画像情報を機械学習することで,造形物の欠陥を予測できるシステムが提案された19.また,高速走査DED時に生じる欠陥や表面粗さを抑制するため,レーザ光を用いて造形物表面を再溶融する手法が提案された20.その他のAM手法としては,液槽光重合(Stereo-Lithography:SLA)によって,樹脂を用いた造形が行われ,天然繊維およびグラフェンに着想を得たメタマテリアル構造によって高い圧縮強度を有する造形物が作製された21

AM以外のエネルギービーム加工としては,短パルスレーザ加工関連の論文として,超短パルスレーザ光を用いたガラス内部への波長板形成22が報告された.石英ガラス表面にコラーゲン膜をコーティングし,波長355nmの紫外レーザ光を照射することでガラス表面へグラフェンを創成する新しい手法が報告された23.ベッセルビームの超短パルスレーザ光を用いた,ガラスのレーザ誘導異方性エッチング(Laser-guided Anisotropic Etching:LGAE)法が提案された24.ガラスに対して超短パルスレーザ光でマイクロレンズアレイを形状創成し,その後,酸水素炎を照射することで平滑化する手法が提案された25.銀ナノワイヤ透明導電膜の微細接合に関して,波長1064nmのレーザ光により基板を加熱し,試料上方から532nmのレーザ光を照射する手法が提案された26.熱間鍛造されたチタン合金(Ti-6Al-4V)に対して,ナノ秒レーザ光を用いてレーザピーニング処理を行った際の材料組織変化が示された27

高出力レーザ加工関連の論文として,鋼とアルミニウム合金の高出力レーザ溶接時に形成される金属間化合物を明らかにし,引張試験時の破壊メカニズムが報告された28.8kWのファイバーレーザを用いてウォブリング溶接を行うことで良好な溶接特性が得られることが示された29.レーザ照射時のエネルギー密度がTi-6Al-4Vのレーザポリッシングに及ぼす影響と平滑化メカニズムについて報告された30.プラズマスプレー法で形成したAlSi30Cu5膜に対して3kWのレーザ光を照射することで,ポロシティが低減することが報告された31.Ti6Al4V-C/SiCの複合材料に対して,高出力レーザ光による高品位穴あけおよび加工メカニズムが示された32.また,数Wと低出力ではあるが,CO2レーザ光を用いたアルミナ球の直接接合手法が提案された33

近年では,レーザ発振器だけでなくビーム成形技術の発展も目覚ましく,高品位レーザ溶接,レーザ切断など,レーザ加工の高品位・高精度化が取り組まれていることが報告された34.エネルギービーム加工法と別加工法を組み合わせたハイブリッド加工法も提案されており,ナノ秒パルスレーザ加工と電解加工を組み合わせた加工法によりNbC-Niサーメットに対して除去加工を行った際の加工メカニズムが報告された35.また,電解加工時におけるレーザ光のエネルギー損失低減を目的として,レーザ誘起プラズマ電解液ジェット加工法(Laser-induced Plasma Electrolyte Jet Machining:LIPEJM)が提案された36.一方で,電子ビーム加工としては,TC11チタン合金の厚板を電子ビームで溶接し,溶接した形状の上をDEDで補修する手法37や,電子ビーム溶接時の焦点距離などのパラメータによって溶接特性を制御する手法38が提案された.また,電子ビームを用いたPBFによるNbSi合金の造形39や,電子ビーム造形による大きな表面粗さを低減するビーム走査方法40が示された.

〔篠永 東吾 岡山大学〕

参考文献
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  13. P. Martendal, P.D.B. Esteves, L. Deillon, F. Malamud, A.M. Jamili, J.F. Loffler, M. Bambach, Effects of beam shaping on copper-steel interfaces in multi-material laser beam powder bed fusion, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.327 (2024), 118344.
  14. Jose David Perez-Ruiz, Francesco Galbusera, Leonardo Caprio, Barbara Previtali, Luis Norberto Lopez de Lacalle, Aitzol Lamikiz, Ali Gokhan Demir, Laser beam shaping facilitates tailoring the mechanical properties of IN718 during powder bed fusion, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.328 (2024), 118393.
  15. Rujing Zha, Nhung Thi-Cam Nguyen, Gregory B. Olsonc, Jian Cao, In-situ blended 316L-Si and PH48S via laser directed energy deposition for functionally graded applications, CIRP Annals, Vol.73 (2024), pp.137-140.
  16. Yuan-Hui Chueh, Bing-Yen Hsieh, Albert J. Shih, Interfacial characteristics in multi-material laser powder bed fusion of CuZr/316L stainless steel, CIRP Annals, 73 (2024), pp.145-148.
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  23. Weiguang Wang, Yihe Huang, Yanhao Hou, Duo Meng, Kewen Pan, Paulo Bartolo, Lin Li, Laser-induced fabrication of doped-graphene based on collagen for bone tissue engineering scaffold applications, CIRP Annals, Vol.73 (2024), pp.165-168.
  24. Jun Li, Shuai Zhong, Jiaxu Huang, Pei Qiu, Pu Wang, Hui Li, Chu Qin, Duo Miao, Shaolin Xu, Laser-guided anisotropic etching for precision machining of micro-engineered glass components, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, Vol.198 (2024), 104152.
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  26. Yizhong Hu, Xiaohan Zhang, Hongtao Ding, Yaowu Hu, Laser shock-enabled optical–thermal–mechanical coupled welding method for silver nanowires, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, Vol.199 (2024), 104162.
  27. Wentai Ouyang, Li Zhang, Haichen Wu, Di Wu, Shuowen Zhang, Xiu Qin, Shilong Jiang, Shujun Li, Wenwu Zhang, Liyuan Sheng, Optimized mechanical properties of the hot forged Ti–6Al–4V alloy by regulating multiscale microstructure via laser shock peening, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, Vol.201 (2024), 104192.
  28. Hongbo Xia, Baiyun Yang, Yongdian Han, Lianyong Xu, Caiwang Tan, Liqun Li, Haoyue Li, Xiaoye Zhao, Kaiping Zhang, Xuan Su, Peihao Geng, Ninshu Ma, Toward understanding the fractured mechanism in laser welded–brazed Al/ steel interface by insitu SEM tensile observations, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol.325 (2024), 118294.
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  34. Schmidt, K. Cveceka, J. Duflou, F. Vollertsen, C.B. Arnoldd, M.J. Matthews, Dynamic beam shaping – Improving laser materials processing via feature synchronous energy coupling, CIRP Annals, Vol.73 (2024), pp.533-559.
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目次に戻る

16.6 工作機械

2024年に発表された工作機械に関する論文として,工作機械の精度評価や補正,熱変形に関する論文,機上計測や加工状態のモニタリングに関する論文,びびり振動やギヤ加工など加工技術に関する論文,省エネやシミュレーションに関する論文,送り駆動系や主軸,機械要素,計測制御技術等に関する論文,そして経路生成,ロボット,および最適化等に関する論文について,機械学会論文集,精密工学会誌,砥粒加工学会誌,そしてJournal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturingのほか,当該分野における代表的な国際学術誌であるCIRP Annals,Precision Engineering,International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture,International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,そしてInternational Journal of Automation Technologyについて調査した.その結果,機械学会論文集に4編,精密工学会誌に3編,砥粒加工学会誌に3編,Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturingに17編,CIRP Annalsに19編,Precision Engineeringに52編,International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufactureに5編,International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technologyに36編,International Journal of Automation Technologyに6編となり全部で145編の論文が確認された.

確認された論文の抽出もとの学術誌名の割合を図16.6.1に示す.図16.6.1によると,Precision EngineeringとInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technologyにとくに多くの論文が発表されていることがわかり,その2誌だけで全体の6割を占めている.また,機械学会誌,精密工学会誌,および砥粒加工学会誌に日本語で発表された論文は合計10編であり,その割合は全体の1割にも満たない.また,日本から発表された論文が全体に占める割合も全体の2割にも満たない.将来にわたって我が国の工作機械産業の国際競争力を維持するためには,我が国における工作機械に関する研究の活性化と研究者の育成が急務であるといえる.

図16.6.1 工作機械に関する論文が発表された主な学術誌の内訳

 

抽出した論文について,その内容ごとの割合を図16.6.2に示す.それぞれの内容は相互かつ密接に関連しているため,明確な分類をすることは困難ではあるが,工作機械の精度評価や補正,熱変形に関する論文が33編(1)~(33),機上計測や加工状態のモニタリングに関する論文が22編(34)~(55),びびり振動やギヤ加工など加工技術に関する論文が19編(56)~(74),省エネやシミュレーションに関する論文が13編(75)~(87),送り駆動系や主軸,機械要素,計測制御技術等に関する論文が34編(88)~(121),そして経路生成,ロボット,および最適化等に関する論文が24編(122)~(145) 確認された.

図16.6.2 工作機械に関する論文の内容ごとの割合

 

全体の傾向として,精度評価や補正に関する論文はInternational Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technologyに多く投稿されており,例えば軸間の幾何誤差や空間誤差のモデル化と評価や,工作物の機上計測結果に基づく誤差の同定技術に関する研究,熱変形の評価方法に関する研究が多くみられた.また,International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technologyには,ギヤ加工技術に関する論文も多くみられた(63)~(68).一方,送り駆動系や主軸,機械要素,計測制御技術等に関する論文はPrecision Engineering誌に多く投稿されており,主軸の冷却技術に関する研究(93) や静圧案内要素の特性に関する研究(97),機械設置基礎の影響に関する研究(102),ボールねじ駆動機構のモデル化に関する研究(108)など様々な研究例がみられた. CIRP AnnalsやInternational Journal of Machine Tools and Manufactureには,びびり振動に関連した研究が多く投稿されているように見受けられる.機上計測や加工状態のモニタリングに関する研究例も多くみられ,近年の工作機械技術の知能化の流れとともに,工作機械技術と加工技術が融合した一つの分野を形成しつつあるように見受けられる.

シミュレーション技術としては,加工面の表面粗さや品質についてのシミュレーションに関する研究が行われている(82)(85)(86).省エネについての研究例は多くはないが,加工中のエネルギーの流れを考察した論文が公開されており(83)(84),工作機械や生産システムの最適設計に向けた取り組みがなされているものと考えられる.

レビュー論文として,計測技術に関するもの(CIRP Annals)(1),ブローチ加工技術に関するもの(Precision Engineering)(71),シミュレーション技術に関するもの(International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology)(81),位置決めの不確かさに関するもの(Precision Engineering)(114),ロボットによる画像ベースのマシンテンディングに関するもの(International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology)(126),そしてパラレルメカニズム形工作機械に関するもの(International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacturing)(134) があった.このなかでも,ロボットによるマシンテンディングの自動化は,近年急速に普及が進んでいる技術である.

〔佐藤 隆太 名古屋大学〕

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  112. Shao, N., Liu, J., Gong, H., Wang, R., Shi, S., Answer, N., An improved tolerance analysis method for gear mechanisms considering form deviations and elastic-plastic contact behaviors, Precision Engineering, 88 (2024) 742.
  113. Dhanabal, P., Prabhu Raja, V., Kalayarasan, M., Mohanraj, S., Dynamic performance enhancement of machining center with epoxy granite base: Experiments and finite element simulations, Precision Engineering, 88 (2024) 943.
  114. Quan, L., Zhao, W., A review on positioning uncertainty in motion control for machine tool feed drives, Precision Engineering, 88 (2024) 428.
  115. Huang, T., Deng, P., Zhang, W., Xie, Z., Chen, C., Yang, K., Polytopic LPV modeling and gain scheduling H∞ control of ball screw with position and load dependent variable dynamics, Precision Engineering, 87 (2024) 1.
  116. Hao, Y., Zhang, C., Lu, Y., Zhang, L., Lei, Z., Li, Z., A novel autoencoder modeling method for intelligent assessment of bearing health based on Short-Time Fourier Transform and ensemble strategy, Precision Engineering, 85 (2024) 89.
  117. Yuan, J., Li, J., Ding, Y., Modified modeling and internal model control method of thrust ripples in PMLSMs for ultraprecision air-bearing linear feed systems, Precision Engineering, 85 (2024) 102.
  118. 小幡真之, 森本喜隆, 大島政英, 林晃生, 瀬川開生, 回転軌跡可変主軸の研究―試作主軸を用いた無負荷時の基本性能評価―, 精密工学会誌, 90, 8 (2024) 651.
  119. 脇谷趣聞, 楠山純平, Ferorynenko Dmytro, 中尾陽一, 独立3冷却構造を有する高速小径空気静圧スピンドルの開発と非回転時の熱的特性評価, 砥粒加工学会誌, 68, 9 (2024) 620.
  120. 仲島諒, 本田知己, 今智彦, 機械学習を援用した摺動面の異常検知および寄与度算出による状態監視に適したセンサデータの探索, 日本機械学会論文集, 90, 939 (2024) 24-00042.
  121. 畠中清史, 尾花良一朗, 部分スリップジャーナル軸受の性能予測, 日本機械学会論文集, 90, 938 (2024) 24-00116.
  122. Ibaraki, S., Masamine, K., Hamamura, M., Takahara, O., Influence of rotary axis angular positioning error motions on robotic probing, CIRP Annals, 73, 1 (2024) 369.
  123. Hu, F., Zou, X., Hao, H., et al., Research and application of simulation and optimization for CNC machine tool machining process under data semantic model reconstruction, Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 132 (2024) 801.
  124. Zhu, F., Zhao, X., Wang, C., et al., A data and mechanism hybrid driven cutting parameter optimization method considering the machine tool and coolant condition flexibility, Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 133 (2024) 1349.
  125. Wang, Z., Lu, W., Machining accuracy reliability optimization of three-axis CNC machine tools using doubly-weighted vector projection response surface method, Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 132 (2024) 1019.
  126. Jia, F., Ma, Y., Ahmad, R., Review of current vision-based robotic machine-tending applications, Int J Adv Manuf Technol, 131 (2024) 1039.
  127. Okamoto, K., Morishige, K., C-space-based toolpath generation for five-axis controlled machining with special tools, Int. J. Automation Technol., 18, 5 (2024) 679.
  128. Hirayama, T., Nakatsuji, H., Nishida, I., Automated process planning system considering machining feature recognition suitable for end-milling using CAD models in STL format, J. of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing, 18, 7 (2024) JAMDSM0088.
  129. Kuroda, K., Nakatsuji, H., Nishida, I. Tool path generation in pocket machining considering workpiece deformation using Finite Element Method (FEM), J. of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing, 18, 7 (2024) JAMDSM0089.
  130. Takamori, R., Nakatsuji, H., Nishida, I., Automated process planning system to machine organic shapes by combining turning and milling, Automated process planning system to machine organic shapes by combining turning and milling, J. of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing, 18, 4 (2024) JAMDSM0038.
  131. Nomura, T., Yamada, E., Nakatsuji, H., Nishida, I., Automated NC program generation for hole drilling and swarf machining by 5-axis indexing machining, J. of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing, 18, 4 (2024) JAMDSM0039.
  132. Matsumura, R., Nishida, I., Shirase, K., Process design and tool path generation for end milling considering tool life, J. of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing, 18, 4 (2024) JAMDSM0044.
  133. Ma, J., Zhaing, S., Wang, Z., Sha, Z., Ma, F., Effect of curvature variation on the accuracy of blade NC interpolation, J. of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing, 18, 3 (2024) JAMDSM0033.
  134. Russo, M., Zhang, D., Liu, X-L., Xie, Z., A review of parallel kinematic machine tools: Design, modeling, and applications, Int J Machine Tools and Manufacture, 196 (2024) 104118.
  135. Axinte, D., Portable robotised machines tools (RoboMach), for in-situ inspection and (re)manufacture: Research challenges and opportunities, Int J Machine Tools and Manufacture, 195 (2024) 104115.
  136. Liu, Q., Liu, J., Liu, X., Ma, J., Zhang, B., Based on domain adversarial neural network with multiple loss collaborative optimization for milling tool wear state monitoring under different machining conditions, Precision Engineering, 91 (2024) 692.
  137. Wang, L., Gu, H., Guo, K., Generation of cubic Hermite spline-based trochoidal milling toolpath by introducing a coefficient factor in machining curved slots, Precision Engineering, 90 (2024) 38.
  138. Yin, Y., Gao, D., Deng, K., Lu, Y., Vision-based autonomous robots calibration for large-size workspace using ArUco map and single camera systems, Precision Engineering, 90 (2024) 191.
  139. Dun Lyu, Yibo Ren, Shuo Liu, Shiji Chen, Command correction in time-frequency domain for decreasing tracking error of trajectory with a drastic curvature change, Precision Engineering, 89 (2024) 230.
  140. Halwani, M., Ayyad, A., AbuAssi, L., Abdulrahman, Y., Almaskari, F., Hassanin, H., Abusafieh, A., Zweiri, Y., A novel vision-based multi-functional sensor for normality and position measurements in precise robotic manufacturing, Precision Engineering, 88 (2024) 367.
  141. Otsuki, T., Sasahara, H., Block processing time-based programming for high-speed, high-precision 5-axis machining, Precision Engineering, 88 (2024) 497.
  142. Liu, X., Yang, H., Wang, Y., Qiu, L., Zhang, S., Tan, J., A workpiece setup optimization method for 5-axis machining with motion coherence and stiffness enhancement, Precision Engineering, 88 (2024) 867.
  143. Oh, J-Y., Choi, S-J., Kim, C-J., Heo, S., Lee, W., Estimation and compensation of cutting force induced position error in robot machining system, Precision Engineering, 86 (2024) 101.
  144. Tao, H., Li, T., Chen, F., Fan, J., Pan, R., An approach for optimal tolerance allocation of five-axis machine tools by simultaneously considering volumetric error and processing simplicity index, Precision Engineering, 85 (2024) 226.
  145. 丘華, 山口哲郎, NC直線加減速処理によるマシニングセンタの円弧補間工具経路の運動誤差推定, 日本機械学会論文集, 90, 931 (2024) 23-00247.

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16.7 工具および工作機器

2024年に国内外の学術誌9誌で発表された工具および工作機器に関連する論文を調査したところ,41編の論文が発表されていた.その内訳は,和文誌では日本機械学会論文集で1編,精密工学会誌で1編,砥粒加工学会誌で2編,英文誌ではInternational Journal of Machine Tools and Manufactureで3編,Precision Engineeringで3編,Journal of Materials Processing Technologyで4編,CIRP annalsで4編,Journal of Manufacturing Processesで20編,Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems and Manufacturingで3編であった.分野別では,旋削に関する論文が12編,エンドミル加工に関する研究が8編,ドリル加工に関する研究が1編,研削・研磨に関する研究が13編,びびり振動に関する研究が4編,コーティングに関する研究が5編,テクスチャに関する研究が3編,周辺機器に関する研究が4編であった.

旋削に関する論文では,コーティングや微細テクスチャの効果,工具の耐摩耗性を実験的に検証した研究が複数見られた(1-4).また,内部に冷却用チャネルを有する工具の設計に関する研究もあった(5-6).その他にも,ダイヤモンド工具を用いた延性モード切削方法に関する研究成果や(7),切りくず分断のための第2切れ刃を有する工具に関する研究成果(8)が報告されている.

エンドミル加工に関する論文では,ねじれ角やピッチといった工具形状を最適化することでびびり振動の抑制を試みた研究が複数あった(9-10).工具の支持剛性の異方性とびびりの関係を調査した論文もあった(11).その他,生物模倣テクスチャの効果を検証した研究や(12),微細加工における工具形状の影響を調査した研究(13),チタン合金の超高速切削における工具形状と工具寿命の関係を調査した研究(14)も確認された.また,工具姿勢の最適化による加工精度の向上に関する論文もあった(15)

その他,切削加工に関する研究として,アルミナセラミックの穴加工におけるダイヤモンドコーティングしたドリルの加工特性を調査した論文があった(16).分子動力学や有限要素法といったシミュレーションにより,工具の切削特性を分析した論文(17,18)も確認できる.また,アルミナ繊維を中間層に添加したサンドイッチ構造の切削工具に関する論文もあった(19).スレッドミルによるねじ加工に関する論文も確認された(20)

砥粒加工に関しては,コーティングやボンド,基材の変更などによる加工面表面粗さの改善に関する論文が複数あった(21-25).砥石のドレッシングに関する論文もあり,ドレッシングの良否の指標を提案している(26).また,砥粒の摩耗とびびり振動の関係を調査した論文もあった(27).その他にも,ゴム粒子を砥粒として噴射する切削工具の刃先処理に関する論文(28),フラップホイールの摩耗と加工精度に関する論文(29),ブリスク加工用の新たな研磨工具を提案する論文(30)もあった.3Dプリンタによる砥石政策に関する研究も確認できる(31)

その他の加工法については,インクリメンタルフォーミング,放電加工について新たな工具を提案する論文があった(32, 33).摩擦攪拌押出における工具の最適形状に関する論文もあった(34).また,切削,研削,研磨のそれぞれにおいて,せん断増粘流体を使用した研究が確認された(35-37)

周辺機器に関する研究として,旋削工具の刃先半径の測定装置に関する論文(38),磁力による切削力を援用する装置の論文(39),単結晶シリコンの旋削において切削点付近のシリコンを軟化させるレーザ照射装置に関する論文(40),熱交換器による主軸冷却装置に関する論文(41)が見られた.

〔金子 和暉 岡山大学〕

参考文献
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16.8 加工計測

本節では,2024年に報告された機械加工と密接に関連する計測技術の最新動向について概観する.2024年における国内外の主要論文誌の調査では,計109件の関連論文が確認された.内訳は,和文誌においては『精密工学会誌』が7件,『日本機械学会誌』が3件,『砥粒加工学会誌』が3件であり,英文誌では Measurement(18件),IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement(5件),The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology(10件),Sensors(2件),International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing(3件),Optics Express(1件),International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing(2件),Journal of Manufacturing Processes(10件),Nanomanufacturing and Metrology(24件),Journal of Optics and Lasers in Engineering(1件),Precision Engineering(8件),CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology(10件),Measurement Science and Technology(2件)であった.

例年通り,「オンマシン計測(on-machine measurement)」に関する研究が多数を占めており,その重要性が引き続き高いことが示された.オンマシン計測とは,工作機械上で直接実施される計測技術であり,対象は被削材の形状・寸法,工具摩耗,さらには工作機械の運動誤差にまで及ぶ.近年では単なる寸法測定にとどまらず,応用領域の拡大と計測方式の革新が進展しており,画像処理技術や機械学習との融合による情報工学的アプローチが急速に台頭している.また,形状計測といった個別機能から,製造プロセスのモニタリングや品質管理へと役割を拡張し,工場全体のスマート化に寄与する動きも顕著である.

本節では,特に従来とは異なるアプローチに基づく計測技術に焦点を当て,代表的な研究事例を紹介する.なお,計測は製造全体と密接に関わるため,他節で取り上げられている論文と一部重複する可能性がある点について,あらかじめ断っておく.

光学的計測手法に関しては,干渉計,レーザ三角測量,光学顕微鏡を基盤とした高分解能技術のオンマシン応用が中心である.たとえば,干渉計においてはヘテロダイン技術の導入や信号処理の工夫により高速化が図られている(1)(2).レーザ三角測量では,ツールパス制御や測定装置の姿勢制御など,実際の機上計測を想定した研究が進展している(3)(4).さらに,エバネセント波を利用したナノ粒子観察(5)や,Raman散乱・Mueller行列測定といった材料特性評価に資する技術(6)も注目されている.

画像計測の分野では,U-Netをはじめとする機械学習技術の導入が顕著であり,応用範囲が拡大している.特に,VR応用や自動検査技術といった生成系技術への展開が進みつつある.具体例として,ステレオカメラの逆歪み補正など,生産工程で実用化されている装置の高精度化(8)(9)や,外観検査への応用としての不良品判定(10)(11),積層造形(AM)の品質検査(12)が挙げられる.

加工精度の向上に関する研究では,幾何誤差の同定と補償(13),ならびに熱変形や薄肉構造の変形対策(14)に関するものが多く見られる.さらに,デジタルツイン(15)やAI技術,測定不確かさの解析(16)に関する研究も活発であり,特に CIRP Annals において多数報告されている.

機械学習の応用は,単なる計測支援にとどまらず,既存技術の限界を乗り越えるための手段としても用いられている.たとえば,薄肉部材の変形補償にはベイズ最適化を用いたアプローチが提案されている(14).また,複合材料製造におけるデジタルツインのリアルタイム更新や,ポリシリコン製造における説明可能なAI(XAI)の導入など(10)(16),製造全体の高度化を志向する動きも注目される.一方で,こうした技術には課題も残されており,機械学習の適用は依然としてオフラインに限られている点(10)(16),学習データの不足(14),およびモデルのブラックボックス性(13)などが指摘されている.

以上のように,2024年における加工計測分野の研究は,従来の高精度計測技術に加え,機械学習との融合やプロセスインテリジェンスの進展により,新たな展開を見せている.これらの研究成果は,加工精度の向上のみならず,生産性の向上やスマートファクトリの実現に向けた重要な一歩となることが期待される.

〔水谷 康弘 大阪大学〕

参考文献
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